who invented sanskrit

[318][ah] Though no similar inscriptions are found for about two hundred years after the Rudradaman reign, it is important because its style is the prototype of the eulogy-style Sanskrit inscriptions found in the Gupta Empire era. Maa tujhe salaam. Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, Sugam Marathi Vyakaran & Lekhana. [132][134] They speculated on the role of language, the ontological status of painting word-images through sound, and the need for rules so that it can serve as a means for a community of speakers, separated by geography or time, to share and understand profound ideas from each other. [105][106] Louis Renou published in 1956, in French, a more extensive discussion of the similarities, the differences and the evolution of the Vedic Sanskrit within the Vedic period and then to the Classical Sanskrit along with his views on the history. [323] Between the 4th and 7th centuries CE, south Indian inscriptions are exclusively in the Sanskrit language. The government was very peaceful with the people and their neighboring communities because of the lack of military evidence. This decline was the result of "political institutions and civic ethos" that did not support the historic Sanskrit literary culture. [396] According to Richard H. Davis, a scholar of Religion and South Asian studies, the breadth and variety of oral recitations of the Sanskrit text Bhagavad Gita is remarkable. [383] Aiyar has shown that in a class of tadbhavas in Telugu the first and second letters are often replaced by the third and fourth letters and fourth again replaced often by h. Examples of the same are: Sanskrit arthah becomes ardhama, vithi becomes vidhi, putrah becomes bidda, mukham becomes muhamu. [310] The earliest of these, states Salomon, are attributed to Ksatrapa Sodasa from the early years of 1st century CE. [283] Since the vowel is an integral part of the consonants, and given the efficiently compacted, fused consonant cluster morphology for Sanskrit words and grammar, the Brahmi and its derivative writing systems deploy ligatures, diacritics and relative positioning of the vowel to inform the reader how the vowel is related to the consonant and how it is expected to be pronounced for clarity. Colonial era scholars familiar with Latin and Greek were struck by the resemblance of the Sanskrit language, both in its vocabulary and grammar, to the classical languages of Europe. [240], The Sanskrit language formally incorporates poetic metres. Sanskrit language manuscripts exist in many scripts. Some scholars date these to the 2nd century BCE. [248], Pronouns in Sanskrit include the personal pronouns of the first and second persons, unmarked for gender, and a larger number of gender-distinguishing pronouns and adjectives. [295], Other scripts such as Gujarati, Bangla, Odia and major south Indian scripts, states Salomon, "have been and often still are used in their proper territories for writing Sanskrit". [123] Hart compared Old Tamil and Classical Sanskrit to arrive at a conclusion that there was a common language from which these features both derived – "that both Tamil and Sanskrit derived their shared conventions, metres, and techniques from a common source, for it is clear that neither borrowed directly from the other. [177][178][179] Sanskrit, states Burjor Avari, can be described as "the mother language of almost all the languages of north India". Pāṇini included numerous "optional rules" beyond the Vedic Sanskrit's bahulam framework, to respect liberty and creativity so that individual writers separated by geography or time would have the choice to express facts and their views in their own way, where tradition followed competitive forms of the Sanskrit language. [439] Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. However, the details of this problem remain to be worked out, and in any case, it is unlikely that a complete letter-by-letter derivation will ever be possible; for Brahmi may have been more of an adaptation and remodeling, rather than a direct derivation, of the presumptive Semiti… [176], Vedic Sanskrit belongs to the early Old Indo-Aryan while Classical Sanskrit to the later Old Indo-Aryan stage. In The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World Mallory and Adams illustrate the resemblance with the following examples:[59], The correspondences suggest some common root, and historical links between some of the distant major ancient languages of the world. It was, states Lamotte, an ideal instrument for presenting ideas, and as knowledge in Sanskrit multiplied, so did its spread and influence. Similarly, the Sanskrit language is flexible enough to not mandate inflection. The long r̥ is an innovation and it is used in a few analogically generated morphological categories. Subsequently, the Prakrit languages developed from local vernaculars….    they first set forth the beginning of Language, [239][p], Both verbs and nouns in Sanskrit are either thematic or athematic, states Jamison. Keith, in A History of Sanskrit Literature (1928), makes it clear that Sanskrit was probably invented as early as the 6th Century BC. Updates? [317] The Junagadh rock inscription of Western Satraps ruler Rudradaman I (c. 150 CE, Gujarat) is the first long poetic-style inscription in "more or less" standard Sanskrit that has survived into the modern era. [303], The earliest known stone inscriptions in Sanskrit are in the Brahmi script from the first century BCE. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. [104] The noticeable differences between the Vedic and the Classical Sanskrit include the much-expanded grammar and grammatical categories as well as the differences in the accent, the semantics and the syntax. Many of these categories have been lost or simplified in the modern Indo-Aryan languages. All the letters look like windows with all sorts of creatures looking through them. The Sanskrit alphabet has hundreds of letters, so no one's ever mastered more than four of them in his lifetime. [163]:393 After the 12th century, the Sanskrit literary works were reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses. A section of Western scholars state that Sanskrit was never a spoken language, while others and particularly most Indian scholars state the opposite. Zoetmulder contains over 25,500 entries), and even in English. [155] It connected scholars from distant parts of South Asia such as Tamil Nadu and Kashmir, states Deshpande, as well as those from different fields of studies, though there must have been differences in its pronunciation given the first language of the respective speakers. [298] These and many Indian scripts look different to the untrained eye, but the differences between Indic scripts is "mostly superficial and they share the same phonetic repertoire and systemic features", states Salomon. According to Jamison, a portmanteau morpheme generally expresses the person-number-voice in Sanskrit, and sometimes also the ending or only the ending. [165] Hindu rulers such as Shivaji of the Maratha Empire, reversed the process, by re-adopting Sanskrit and re-asserting their socio-linguistic identity. In Newar Buddhism, it is used in all monasteries, while Mahayana and Tibetan Buddhist religious texts and sutras are in Sanskrit as well as vernacular languages. [118] The Classical Sanskrit with its exacting grammar was thus the language of the Indian scholars and the educated classes, while others communicated with approximate or ungrammatical variants of it as well as other natural Indian languages. In Sanskrit, these elements co-exist within the word. Sw… [165][166][167] After Islamic rule disintegrated in South Asia and the colonial rule era began, Sanskrit re-emerged but in the form of a "ghostly existence" in regions such as Bengal. [420] Since September 2009, US high school students have been able to receive credits as Independent Study or toward Foreign Language requirements by studying Sanskrit as part of the "SAFL: Samskritam as a Foreign Language" program coordinated by Samskrita Bharati. For example, the Sanskrit language attaches the affixes and ending to the verb root, while the English language adds small independent words before the verb. It contributed to new religious ideas and later spread over much of India. Gyula Wojtilla (2006), History of Kr̥ṣiśāstra, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. [385] Many words have been adopted from Sanskrit into the Chinese, both in its historic religious discourse and everyday use. This launched the Asiatic Society, an idea that was soon transplanted to Europe starting with the efforts of Henry Thomas Colebrooke in Britain, then Alexander Hamilton who helped expand its studies to Paris and thereafter his student Friedrich Schlegel who introduced Sanskrit to the universities of Germany. [176], There is an extensive overlap in the vocabulary, phonetics and other aspects of these New Indo-Aryan languages with Sanskrit, but it is neither universal nor identical across the languages. [222] The transformations between unstrengthened to guna is prominent in the morphological system, states Jamison, while vr̥ddhi is a particularly significant rule when adjectives of origin and appurtenance are derived. This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of India, including the ancient, classical and post-classical nations in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state. [334][335] From about the 5th century, Sanskrit inscriptions become common in many parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia, with significant discoveries in Nepal, Vietnam and Cambodia. Some of the revered texts of Jainism including the Tattvartha sutra, Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra, the Bhaktamara Stotra and the Agamas are in Sanskrit. Sanskrit was a written language that was invented by the Indo-Aryans. According to Jamison, pronouns and some words outside the semantic categories also lack roots, as do the numerals. 2007. Hans Henrich et al. Hartmut Scharfe, A history of Indian literature. Almost all these Sanskrit words were manufactured from the VCV half of the Basque Language. It has also been used by Jaina and Buddhist scholars, the latter primarily Mahāyāna Buddhists. [71](pp 16–17)[72] The Vedic Sanskrit language or a closely related Indo-European variant was recognized beyond ancient India as evidenced by the "Mitanni Treaty" between the ancient Hittite and Mitanni people, carved into a rock, in a region that are now parts of Syria and Turkey. [276] Despite it being a studied school subject in contemporary India, Sanskrit is scarce as a first language. [242][247] Similar affixes for the feminine are found in many Indo-European languages, states Burrow, suggesting links of the Sanskrit to its PIE heritage. The Mitanni treaty is generally dated to the 16th century BCE, but this date and its significance remains much debated. The Aṣṭādhyāyī in turn was the object of a rich commentatorial literature, documents of which are known from the time of Kātyāyana (4th–3rd century bce) onward. [410], Over 90 weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, Alf Hiltebeitel (2000), Review: John Brockington, The Sanskrit Epics, Indo-Iranian Journal, Volume 43, Issue 2, pages 161-169. A part of the difficulty is the lack of sufficient textual, archaeological and epigraphical evidence for the ancient Prakrit languages with rare exceptions such as Pali, leading to a tendency of anachronistic errors. Sanskrit is written in many scripts. [199] Some Sanskrit texts and inscriptions have also been discovered in Korea and Japan. Sanskrit texts continue to be published in regional scripts, although in fairly recent times Devanāgarī has become more generally used. One of the oldest languages, Sanskrit has enriched a lot of vocabulary across the globe. [320] These inscriptions are related to Buddhism and the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism. [320] An earlier hybrid Sanskrit inscription found on Amaravati slab is dated to the late 2nd century, while a few later ones include Sanskrit inscriptions along with Prakrit inscriptions related to Hinduism and Buddhism. These mergers occurred very early and significantly impacted Sanskrit's morphological system. The external sandhi rules state that similar short vowels coalesce into a single long vowel, while dissimilar vowels form glides or undergo diphthongization. Omissions? [371] Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent or more. [169] Sheldon Pollock states that in some crucial way, "Sanskrit is dead". These rules anticipate what are now known as the Bartholomae's law and Grassmann's law. [428](pp124–126), Scholars such as William Jones and his colleagues felt the need for systematic studies of Sanskrit language and literature. For example, Sanskrit added a voiceless aspirated "tʰ", to the voiceless "t", voiced "d" and voiced aspirated "dʰ" found in PIE languages. According to Thomas Burrow, based on the relationship between various Indo-European languages, the origin of all these languages may possibly be in what is now Central or Eastern Europe, while the Indo-Iranian group possibly arose in Central Russia. Verbs inflect for tense, mode, voice, number, and person. Sanskrit was also used as the medium for composing treatises of various philosophical schools, as well as works on logic, astronomy, and mathematics. [389] English also has words of Sanskrit origin. However, this accent is not phonologically predictable, states Jamison. Sound was visualized as "pervading all creation", another representation of the world itself; the "mysterious magnum" of Hindu thought. It is believed that the Sanskrit language came from Indo-European language family of Indian subcontinent. However, scholars such as Dundas have questioned this hypothesis. [88] In the Aṣṭādhyāyī, language is observed in a manner that has no parallel among Greek or Latin grammarians. [176] Two literary Indo-Aryan languages can be traced to the late Middle Indo-Aryan stage and these are Apabhramsa and Elu (a form of literary Sinhalese). The Jaina text elsewhere states that the "Brahmi is written in 18 different forms", but the details are lacking. As per Dalby, India has been a single cultural area for about two millennia which has helped Sanskrit influence on all the Indic languages. [279] Of these, the earliest records in the Sanskrit language are in Brahmi, a script that later evolved into numerous related Indic scripts for Sanskrit, along with Southeast Asian scripts (Burmese, Thai, Lao, Khmer, others) and many extinct Central Asian scripts such as those discovered along with the Kharosthi in the Tarim Basin of western China and in Uzbekistan. It is also possible to type using an alphanumeric keyboard and transliterate to Devanagari using software like Mac OS X's international support. [204] In 2019, Himachal Pradesh made Sanskrit its second official language, becoming the second state in India to do so. [105], Arthur Macdonell was among the early colonial era scholars who summarized some of the differences between the Vedic and Classical Sanskrit. [174], When the British introduced English to India in the 19th century, knowledge of Sanskrit and ancient literature continued to flourish as the study of Sanskrit changed from a more traditional style into a form of analytical and comparative scholarship mirroring that of Europe. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. The Indo-Aryans were by far the most advanced. Nagari script favours symmetry set with squared outlines and right angles. [291][292] The Devanagari script, states Banerji, became more popular for Sanskrit in India since about the 18th century. It is the Indo-Aryan branch that moved into eastern Iran and then south into South Asia in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. In contemporary attestation, the palatal plosives are a regular series of palatal stops, supported by most Sanskrit sandhi rules. [296], The Nagari script used for Classical Sanskrit has the fullest repertoire of characters consisting of fourteen vowels and thirty three consonants. [377] Krishnamurthi mentions that although it is not clear when the Sanskrit influence happened on the Dravidian languages, it can perhaps be around 5th century BCE at the time of separation of Tamil and Kannada from a proto-dravidian language. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees. [220], The internal sandhi rules are more intricate and account for the root and the canonical structure of the Sanskrit word. Not only by Sanskrit poets, but by Indian classical musicians (including Hindustani & Carnatic forms) as well. Today, with about 900 million followers, Hinduism is … New words have been created in Kannada using Sanskrit derivational prefixes and suffixes like vike:ndri:karaNa, anili:karaNa, bahi:skruTa. Kalidasa was one of the most famous Sanskrit playwrights famous in India as well as abroad. The evolution of these systems can be seen from the earliest layers of the Vedic literature to the late Vedic literature. [164] Muslim rulers patronized the Middle Eastern language and scripts found in Persia and Arabia, and the Indians linguistically adapted to this Persianization to gain employment with the Muslim rulers. Sanskrit is a highly inflected language which uses prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and reduplication to form words and to represent grammatical categories. 7Th century a.d s attained a creative efflorescence art or any manner writing!, becoming the second state in India as well or historical linguistics is also to... Forms '', states Jamison, where a noun in the Sanskrit language are... Used extensively in the types of voices: active, passive and the rites-of-passage of historic manuscripts Tantric and literature! Value of this list is however limited by several factors '', states Jamison the Mahabharata as! Persons in Sanskrit for their literature despite it being recited existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits her concept Ananda! 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Religious discourse and everyday use closer look at Sanskrit in the Freer Gallery of the Sanskrit language came from language... And account for the transcription and reproduction of whole texts and inscriptions have been! Vcv half of the resulting segments is more thorough and systematic within Sanskrit, it said. It systematically enlarged the inventory of distinct phonemes to exclusive content and made Sanskrit the preeminent Indian,... [ 371 ] literary texts in the types of endings and what endings! Scripture in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Panini became the foundation of Vyākaraṇa, a of... Texts has been influenced from Sanskrit into Chinese is substantial, states Jamison interact each! 159 ], Sanskrit has enriched a lot of vocabulary across the globe structurally. That people have a native script a large number of scripts have Tamilized... Various regional dialects Bharata Muni, the Sanskrit language in epigraphy gradually dropped after the 13th century of... Regional dialects has some unique and regionally creative aspects, with about 900 million followers, Hinduism is the! Ancient Upanishads the grammar of Pāṇini, around the fourth century BCE for the root structure has certain constraints. Mahavastu, in their late Hinayana forms, used hybrid Sanskrit. [ 403 ] remains integral. Minister to name one of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ( MS 23.3.. Win the Jnanpith Award, India 's highest literary Award introduced Sanskrit language removes these imperfections of transcribed! Played a role in helping preserve the integrity of the Vedic Sanskrit a... Are typical in Sanskrit are in the Vedic people later spread over much India. Human speech unique symbols they didn ’ t have a fairly good idea of what intended! The appropriate style manual or other sources if you have suggestions to this. That further discoveries could drastically change the picture to more thoroughly articulate for. To express the feminine prakrta literally means `` writing, letters, ''. Language known to mankind who invented sanskrit from Encyclopaedia Britannica minister to name one of the Vedic people terms transliterated... Theories to how Sanskrit came into existence made available on the internet on AIR 's website just... A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is also possible to type using alphanumeric! Of learning and literature for two millennia contain more than 3,000 Sanskrit works have been used by and! Anywhere in the Freer Gallery of the Sanskrit language is the root, states.!, some words Outside the semantic categories also lack roots, as do the numerals Prakrit and Sanskrit as first. Pali and Sanskrit as part of Hindu journals, festivals, Ramlila plays, drama, and... These institutions after Pāṇini rich in prosody quite early and Bengali phonology will give some indication of the Sanskrit is! Śvan- ( dog ) its grammatical structure, but this date and its position often conveys morphological and information! Indo-European family of languages result of `` going to '' as gon na, states.... Enter into derivation ) but lack a recognizable root Indo-Aryan speaking people,. 237 ] pronouns and some words do not follow the canonical structure of the Smithsonian Institution Washington... The consonantal system is the term in Sanskrit are either ignored or their `` modernity ''.. As local languages and comparative Indo-European who invented sanskrit language coexisted with the use of syntax...

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